In language, fasting (ash shiyam) in Arabic means restraint, as in the word of Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala:
إني نذرت للرحمن صوما فلن أكلم اليوم إنسيا
"I've promise to God to refrain (from speaking)." [Maryam: 26].
As for the term syar'i is, refrain from things that are canceled from dawn until sunset, accompanied by the intention.
Deeds RELATED TO FASTING
1. Intention.
If you have entered the month of Ramadan, obligatory for every Muslim to intend to fast in the evening, because the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said:
من لم يجمع الصيام قبل الفجر فلا صيام له
"Whoever does not intend to fast before dawn, then it's gone fast for him." [History of Abu Dawud, Ibn Khuzaimah, and Al-Bayhaqi, from Hafsah bint Umar]
The intention was, it is located in the heart. While reciting, including charitable heresy. Intention of fasting at night, this must be special for fasting.
2. Ramadan praying qiyaam.
a). With a congregation praying qiyaam Ramadan is prescribed.
In implementing praying qiyaam Ramadan (Tarawih) is prescribed in congregation. The main congregation was even more than doing it alone, because the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam had done that and explain its primacy. Mentioned in the hadeeth of Abu Dhar:
صمنا مع رسول اله d صلى اله a عليه وسلم رمضان فلم يصل بنا حتى بقي سبع من الشهر فقام بنا حتى ذهب ثلث الليل ثم لم يقم بنا في السادسة وقام بنا في الخامسة حتى ذهب شطر الليل فقلنا له يا رسول الله لو نفلتنا بقية ليلتنا هذه فقال إنه من قام مع الإمام حتى ينصرف كتب له قيام ليلة ثم لم يصل بنا حتى بقي ثلاث من الشهر وصلى بنا في الثالثة ودعا أهله ونساءه فقام بنا حتى تخوفنا الفلاح قلت له وما الفلاح قال السحور
"We fasted Ramadan with the Prophet. He did not lead the tarawih our prayers during the month, except to stay seven days. At that time, he lead the us (tarawih prayer) until one third of the night passed. On the sixth day (stay 6 days), he does not pray with us. Only later on the fifth day (stay 5 days), he lead the us (tarawih prayer) to pass half the night. When we say to Him: 'O Messenger of Allah. Would you add a prayer on this night.' He replied, ' Surely if someone pray with his priest to finish, surely his reward written prayers one night '. Then on the fourth night (stay 4 days), returning us he did not lead the prayers. And on the third night (stay 3 days), he gathered his family and wife his wife and people, and we lead the (at night) until we were afraid of losing victory. I (narrators of Abu Dhar) said: I asked, What is victory?. he (Abu Dhar) answered, Sahur. " [HR At-Tirmidhi].
Thus tarawih prayer ramadan or qiyamu lael not implemented in congregation at the time of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam and the period of Abu Bakr, until during the caliphate of Umar ibn Khattab. Prophet did not do it in congregation constantly, because he feared it would be incumbent upon the Muslims, so that his people could not do it. Mentioned in the hadith Aisha (in Shahihain): "Behold, the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam out one night, then pray at the mosque, and some people come pray with him. In the morning, people talked about it. So ofcourse more people than they are, then (Allah) and those prayers are prayed with him. The next day, people talk about it. So on the night of the three, the congregation is increasing, then the Prophet came out and pray with them. When the night of the four mosques can not accommodate congregation (but he did not come out) so he came out for morning prayers; when finished morning prayers, he faced the congregation, then read the confession of faith and said: Amma ba'du. I already know your stance. However, I fear prayer is obliged to you, then you are not able to implement it. Then (after some time) the Prophet died, and the case remains in a state not in congregation. " [Reported by al Bukhari and Muslim].
So, for prayer in congregation is not carried out constantly at the time of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam is a concern, he sallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam if the prayer is obligatory upon his people. And because this has been lost with the death of his sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam. because with his death means the religion has been perfected by Allah Almighty, there is no longer possible additions. Thus, the law remained disyariatkannya congregation in praying qiyaam Ramadan (read tarawih) that it is turned on by Umar ibn al-Khattab on kekhalifaannya.
b). Number Cycle (Rakaat).
According to the opinion rajih (strong), ramadan praying qiyaam done 11 cycles, and be less of it. Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam did not determine the number and length of reading.
c). Time.
The timing worked from after `Isha prayers till dawn dawn emergence. Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said:
إن الله زاد كم صلاة, وهي الوتر فصلوها بين صلاة العشاء إلى صلاة الفجر
"Verily Allah has added you a prayer, and he is witr, so you The prayer of Fajr prayer until the evening prayers." [Reported by Ahmad from Abu Basrah, and classed as saheeh al-Albani in praying qiyaam Ar Ramadan, 26].
d). Qunut.
After reading the letter and before bowing, sometimes the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam read qunut and don'ts after bowing.
e). Reading After Witr Prayer.
سبحان الملك القدوس سبحان الملك القدوس سبحان الملك القدوس
How to read this prayer, ie by extending voice and raised on the third.
3). Meal.
God syari'ated dawn upon Muslims to differentiate their fasts with fasting people before them, as in the words of his Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam in the hadeeth of Abu Sa'eed al Khudri:
فصل ما بين صيامنا وصيام أهل الكتاب أكلة السحور رواه مسلم
"What distinguishes our fasting by fasting of the book is a meal". [Reported by Muslim].
a). Virtue Sahur.
• Sahur is a blessing. Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said:
إنها بركة أعطاكم الله إياها فلا تدعوه رواه النسائي وأحمد بسند صحيح
"Indeed meal is a blessing that God gave you, then you do not leave". [History An Nasa-i, and Ahmad with a saheeh isnaad].
Meal as a blessing can be seen clearly, because it followed the Sunnah of fasting and strengthen people, and adds spirit to add to fasting. Also contains the intent to discriminate by scribes.
• Shalawat of God and the angel addressed to people who doing sahur. In the hadeeth of Abu Sa'eed al Khudri radi 'anhu, that the Prophet sallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam said:
السحور أكلة البركة, فلا تدعوه ولو أن يجرع أحدكم جرعة من ماء فإن الله وملائكته يصلون على المتسحرين رواه ابن أبي شيبة وأحمد
"Sahur is blessed food, then you do not leave, even if one of you only drank a sip of water, because God and the angels shalawat of people who doing sahur." [History and Ahmad Ibn Abu Syaibah].
b). End the right Sahur is Sunnah.
Sunnah slow dawn until nearly dawn (Fajr), as mentioned the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam in the hadith of Ibn Abbas radi' anhu from Zaid bin Thabit, he said:
تسحرنا مع النبيثم قام إلى الصلاة, قلت: كم كان بين الأذان والسحور? قال: قدر خمسين آية رواه البخاري ومسلم
"We dawn with the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam, then he went to pray. I (Ibn Abbas) asks: How long between the dawn call to prayer? He replied: About 50 verses." [History of Al-Bukhari and Muslim]
.
c). Sahur law.
Sahur is muakkad sunnah (sunnah is emphasized). The evidence:
• Command Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam:
تسحروا فإن في السحور بركة رواه البخاري ومسلم
"Be sahur, since the dawn there is a blessing". [History of Al-Bukhari and Muslim].
• Prohibition to leave the meal as mentioned in the hadeeth of Abu Sa'eed earlier. Therefore, Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar in Fathul Bari (3 / 139) consensus about the Sunnah meal.
4. Fasting time.
Fasting time starts from dawn dawn until sunset. The evidence, which is the word of God, which means: "And eat and drink until you clear your black white night and day from dawn, then complete your fast till night". [Al-Baqarah: 186].
After the clear dawn, then we refine the fast until sunset, then break as mentioned in the hadeeth of 'Umar that the Messenger sallallaahu' alayhi wa sallam said:
إذا أقبل الليل من ههنا و أدبر النهار من ههنا وغربت الشمس فقد أفطر الصائم رواه البخاري ومسلم
"If it had come from the direction of the night here and go during the day from here and the sun had set, then the people who have been breaking the fast". [History of Al-Bukhari and Muslim]
Sunset can be seen with the early arrival of darkness from the east after the loss of roundness of the sun directly. All that can be seen with the naked eye, requiring no tools binoculars to find out.
5. Cases The Eid.
a). Eating and drinking deliberately. Word of Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala, which means: "And eat and drink until you are clear to you white and black during the night of the dawn, then complete your fast till night" [Al-Baqarah: 186].
b). Deliberately to vomit, or vomited on purpose.
c). Menstruation and childbirth.
d). Injection containing foods (intravenous).
e). Intercourse.
6. Case, Case Else Must Abandoned At Fasting.
a). To tell lies. In the hadeeth of Abu Hurayrah that the Messenger n said:
من لم يدع قول الزور و العمل به فليس له حاجة أن يدع طعامه وشرابه رواه البخاري
"Whoever does not abandon false speech and deeds, then God does not need to abandon his efforts to eat and drink". [History of Al-Bukhari].
b). Doing the futility and evil (evil). Mentioned in the hadeeth of Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said:
ليس الصيام من الأكل والشراب إنما الصيام من اللغو والرفث, فإن سابك أحد أو جهل عليك فقل إني صائم إني صائم رواه ابن خزيمة والحاكم
"It is not the fast (refrain) from eating and drinking, (but) it is fast (refrain) of the futility and ugliness, so if someone abuse verbally or do evil to you, say: I'm fasting. I'm fasting" . [History Khuzaimah and Ibn al-Hakim].
7. Case-Case That Allowed.
a). People who junub to come at dawn, as mentioned in the hadith of Aisha and Umm Salama, the two said: "Verily, the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam get the dawn (Fajr) in a state junub from his family, then bathing and fasting." [History of Al-Bukhari and Muslim].
b). Doing siwak (clean up teeth use miswak/siwak)
c). Gargling and putting water into your nose when ablution `.
d). Touching and kissing for people who are fasting, and makruhed for people who are younger, because it was feared his desires to rise.
e). Injection is not a food.
f). Cure (bekam).
g). Tasting food while not enter the throat.
h). blacken wearing eyes (kohl) and eye drops.
i). Head flush with cold water and shower.
8. People Allowed Not Fasting.
a). Musafir (people who travel or travel outside the city). They are given by God to break their convenience. Allaah says, which means: "And whoever sick or traveling (and then he broke), then (wajeb fast for him) as much as the day she had left it on the other days." [Al-Baqarah: 185]. They were allowed to break the fast and mengqadha (replace) his fast in other months.
b). People who are sick are allowed to break the fast during Ramadan as a grace and ease with which God bestows upon him. Sick people are allowed to break the fast, if it can be life-threatening illness, or add feared the pain would end the right or slow recovery if the patient is fasting.
c). Women who are menstruating or puerperal obliged to break, the point should not be fasting. Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said:
أليس إذا حاضت لم تصل و لم تصم فذلك نقصان دينها
"Is not if she is menstruating should not be praying and fasting should not be? So that's lack of religion". [Bukhari].
Also the hadith Aisha when he was asked about a woman who mengqadha fasting and prayer mengqadha not:
كان يصيبنا ذلك فنؤمر بقضاء صومنا ولا نؤمر بقضاء صلاتنا
"Back then we also get it, then we were ordered to qadha fasting and prayer are not commanded." [Bukhari and Muslim].
Based on the consensus of the ulema, the woman who is menstruating or childbirth, are required and mengqadha breaking his fast in other months.
d). People who are old and weak, both men and women are allowed to break the fast, as Ibn Abbas said: "The men and old women who are unable to fast, then they are fed every day a poor". [History of Al-Bukhari, no. 4505].
e). Are pregnant or lactating women, who feared for the safety of herself and the unborn child or the child is breastfeeding, also includes a relief to get a break. There is no obligation for them, except fidyah. Thus it is the opinion of Ibn Abbas and Ishaq. The evidence is the word of God, which means: And a must for those who run heavy ransom (if they are not fasting), (namely) the feeding of one poor. [Al-Baqarah: 184].
This paragraph is devoted to parents who are weak, sick people that do not heal, the pregnant and lactating women if they fear for the safety of herself or her child. Due to the above verse has been abrogated by another verse, as mentioned in the hadeeth of Abdullah ibn Umar and Salama bin Al-Akwa ':
كنا في رمضان على عهد رسول الله من شاء صام ومن شاء أفطر فافتدى بطعام مسكين
حتى نزلت هذه الأية: فمن شهد منكم الشهر فليصم.
"We were in the days Ramadlan Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam who want fast, and are not bepuasa may also be, but giving food to the poor, to drop the verse (which means)" Whoever among you is present (in a country where home) during that month, then let him fast the month, Surat Al-Baqarah verse 185 -
,
However, Ibn Abbas argues that the verse is not abrogated (removed). This verse specifically for older people who are unable to fast, and they should feed one poor person every day. (See the words narrated by Ibn Jarut, Bayhaqi and Abu Dawud with a sahih chain of transmission). This opinion is confirmed also by the hadith Mu'adh bin Jabal, he said:
فإن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كان يصوم ثلاثة أيام من كل شهر ويصوم يوم عاشوراء فأنزل الله تعالى كتب عليكم الصيام كما كتب على الذين من قبلكم إلى قوله طعام مسكين فمن شاء أن يصوم صام ومن شاء أن يفطر ويطعم كل يوم مسكينا أجزأه ذلك وهذا حول فأنزل الله تعالى شهر رمضان الذي أنزل فيه القرآن إلى أيام أخر فثبت الصيام على من شهد الشهر وعلى المسافر أن يقضي وثبت الطعام للشيخ الكبير والعجوز اللذين لا يستطيعان الصوم
"Verily the Prophet came to Medina after fasting for three days every month and fasting the day of Ashura, then Allah sent down His words" O ye who believe, fasting has been prescribed for kelian ... "until the words" ... to feed. " . At that time, anyone who wants to fast, he fasted. And who wants to break (not fasting), can replace it by feeding one poor person. It's for a year. Then Allah revealed the verse again another "Ramadan Qur'an revealed to him 'an ... "until the word" another day .. ... "So fast it mandatory for people who mukim (no Safar) for the month, and for travelers mengqadha compulsory fasting, and feeding sets for the parents who are unable to fast .... "[Reported by Abu Dawud, Bayhaqi, and Ahmad].
This opinion is rajihed by Shaikh Ali Hasan Ali Abdul Hamid and Salim Al Hilali in Shifat shaum Prophet, see pages 80-84.
9. Open Fasting.
a). Accelerate time to break the fast. Sunnah of fasting, which accelerates time to break. As said by Amr ibn Al Audi Maimun, that the companions of Muhammad sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam is the people who break their fastest and slowest sahurnya. [Reported by Al Mushannaf Abdurrazaq in, no. 7591 isnaad classed as saheeh by Ibn Hajar in Fathul Bary, 4 / 199].
The benefits of speeding is breaking:
• To get good. Mentioned in the hadith narrated by Sahl bin Sa'ad radi 'anhu, that the Prophet sallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam said:
لا يزال الناس بخير ما عجلوا الفطر رواه البخاري ومسلم
"Humans will always be in our favor as long as they accelerate open his fast.". [History of Al-Bukhari and Muslim].
• It is the Sunnah of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam.
• To distinguish the fasting of the book, as in the hadith of Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said:
لا يزال الدين ظاهرا ما عجل الناس الفطر, لأن اليهود والنصارى يؤخرونه رواه أبو داود وابن حبان بسند حسن
"This religion will always win as long as people (Muslims) accelerates open his fast, because Jews and Christians end the right ". [History of Abu Dawud and Ibn Hibban with sanad hasan].
Iftar and Maghrib prayers performed before, because it is the morality of the prophets.
b). Breaking food.
Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam encourages us to break the fast with dates, and if not, then with water as the Anas bin Malik said: "The Messenger sallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam breaking with ruthab before prayer, if there is no ruthab, then by dates, and If no dates, he was inhaling (drink) a few sips of water ". [Reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawood and Ibn Khuzaimah with a saheeh isnaad]. This is the perfection of love and attention he sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam against his people.
c). Reading When Buka.
Pray when breaking including the prayers efficacious, as disabdakan Rasulllah sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam:
ثلاث دعوات مستجابات دعوة الصائم و دعوة المظلوم و دعوة المسافر
"There are three prayer efficacious, (namely): prayer of the fasting, prayers and prayers of people who terzhalimi travelers". [Reported by al Uqaili].
Should pray with the prayer:
ذهب الظمأ وابتلت العروق و ثبت الأجر إن شاءالله
"Hopefully gone thirsty, wet muscles and get a reward, God willing."
d). Feeding To People Who Fasting.
The fasting person should increase the reward for fasting is to feed the fasting. People who do will get a huge reward. Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said:
من فطر صائما كان له مثل أجره غير أنه لا ينقص من أجر الصائم شيئا
"Whoever gives a fasting person to break the fast, then he got a (reward) as reward (the person who broke it) without subtracting the slightest reward the person who is fasting." [Reported by Ahmad and At-Tirmidhi]
10. Adab People Who Fasting.
a). Slowing meal.
b). Accelerate the breaking of the fast.
c). When fasted and prayed when breaking the fast.
d). Refrain from matters that affect your fast.
e). Doing miswak/siwak.
f). Reproduce charity and tadarus Koran.
g). Sincere in worship, especially in the last ten days.
So a few things related to the fasting which i shared briefly. Hopefully useful.
Allohu A'lamu
Note:
1. Character shaum Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam, by Salim Al-Hilali and Ali Hasan.
2. Fatawa Ramadan.
3. Majmoo 'Fataawa Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah.
4. Ar praying qiyaam Ramadan, Sheikh Muhammad Al-Albani Nashruddin.
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