As for the argument from the Qur'an, among them the word of Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala:
خذ من أموالهم صدقة تطهرهم وتزكيهم بها
"Take alms of their wealth. With the charity that you cleanse and purify them." [At-Tauba: 103].
And His words:
وأقيموا الصلاة وءاتوا الزكاة
"And Establish the prayer and pay the poor". [Al-Baqarah: 110].
Then the argument from the Sunnah, the Hadith narrated by Al Bukhari and Muslim from Ibn Abbas that he said,
إن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم حين بعث معاذ بن جبل إلى اليمن قال إنك ستأتي قوما أهل كتاب فإذا جئتهم فادعهم إلى أن يشهدوا أن لا إله إلا الله وأن محمدا رسول الله فإن هم أطاعوا لك بذلك فأخبرهم أن الله قد فرض عليهم خمس صلوات في كل يوم وليلة فإن هم أطاعوا لك بذلك فأخبرهم أن الله قد فرض عليهم صدقة تؤخذ من أغنيائهم فترد على فقرائهم فإن هم أطاعوا لك بذلك فإياك وكرائم أموالهم واتق دعوة المظلوم فإنه ليس بينه وبين الله حجاب
"Verily, when the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam sent Muadh bin Jabal to Yemen, (he sallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam) said," Surely you will come to a people of the Book. Therefore, if you see them, summon them to the creed, there is no right to be worshiped by haq, except God and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. If they obey you in that, then teach them, that Allah made it compulsory upon them five prayers in a day-night. If they have mentaatimu in it, then teach them that God requires of them Sadaqah on their property, taken from their rich and distributed to the poor of their faqir. If they have mentaatimu in it, so be careful of their beloved treasures and bertaqwalah of the prayers of the dizhalimi, because there are no obstructions from him by God. "[1]
While the argument from consensus, the Muslims have agreed upon obligations, as has been dinukilkan by Ibn Qudama [2] and Ibn Rushd [3].
This obligation is, of course, has a requirement and how to watch out for the Muslims, so it can fulfill its obligation to pay Zakat properly and appropriately.
REMOVED THE REQUIREMENT OF LIABILITY ZAKAT
Terms of Zakat is obligatory to issue are as follows:
1. Islam.
A requirement of Islam zakat obligations issued by the argument of the above hadith of Ibn Abbas. This hadith suggests the obligation of zakat, after they received two sentences creed and prayer obligations. This certainly shows that people who have not accepted Islam zakat is not obliged issue [4]
2. Freedom.
Zakat is not required on the slave slave (who are not independent) on the property has, since ownership is not perfect. Likewise, the slave who is in the treaty exemption (al mukatib), are not required to give charity from their wealth, because it deals with the need to free themselves from slavery. Needs are more urgent than free people who go bankrupt (gharim), so it is worth not required [5].
3. Sensible and Baligh.
In this case is still disputed, namely the problems associated with small children and the charity wealth madman. A rajih (strong), small children and lunatics are not required spend zakat. However, the trustee who manages the property, are required to issue their zakat, as zakat obligations associated with property [6].
4. Having nishab.
Nishab meaning here, is the size or the lowest limit set by syar'i (religion) to be issued a guideline to determine liability limits for those who have charity, if it had been up at that size [7]. People who own property and have reached nishab or more, are required to issue a charity with a basic word of Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala:
ويسئلونك ماذا ينفقون قل العفو كذلك يبين الله لكم الأيات لعلكم تتفكرون
"And they ask thee what they spend. Say:" The more of these purposes. "Thus Allah makes the verses to you lest you think". [Al-Baqarah: 219].
The meaning of al afwu is a treasure that has exceeded demand. Therefore, Islam set nishab as a measure of one's wealth. [8]
TERMS nishab
The terms nishab is as follows:
1. Property is beyond the needs that must be met by someone, such as: food, clothing, shelter, vehicles, and tools used for livelihood.
2. Dizakati treasure that will have been running for one year (haul) starting from the day ownership nishab [9] to postulate the hadith the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam:
لا زكاة في مال حتى يحول عليه الحول
"There is no zakat on property, unless that has exceeded one haul (one year)" [10].
Excluded from this, that alms and fruit farming. Because zakat agriculture and fruits are taken when harvesting. Similarly zakat treasure, which was taken when found.
For example, if a Muslim has 35 goats, so he is not required to tithe because nishab for goat's tail 40. Then if the goats are breeding so as to achieve 40 tails, then we begin to count one year after the perfect nishab [11].
Nishab, SIZE AND THE WAY OUT zakat.
1. Nishab Gold And Size zakat.
As many as 20 dinars of gold nishab. Dinar dinars in question is Islam. The size of one dinar is equivalent to 4.25 grams of gold. So the 20 dinar was equivalent to 85 grams of pure gold. Thus it has been established by Sheikh Muhammad Al Uthaymeen [12] and Yusuf Qaradawi [13].
Nishab this proposition is the hadith of Ali ibn Abi Talib, he said: Verily the Messenger of Allah sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said.
وليس عليك شيء يعني في الذهب حتى يكون لك عشرون دينارا فإذا كان لك عشرون دينارا وحال عليها الحول ففيها نصف دينار فما زاد فبحساب ذلك وليس في مال زكاة حتى يحول
"There is no obligation upon you nothing - that is, in gold-to have 20 dinars. If you already have 20 dinars and have passed one haul, then there is him (zakat) 1 / 2 dinars. The rest is calculated in accordance with it, and nothing in Zakat property, except after a haul "[14].
Then from nishab is taken 2.5% or 1 / 40. And if more than nishab and has not reached the size of the increments, then it is taken and included with the initial nishab. Similarly, in the opinion of the rajih (strong).
For example: someone has 87 grams of gold that is stored so if it has to haulnya then obliged him to spend zakat 87/40 = 2.175 grams or money for it.
2. Nishab Silver And Size zakat.
The silver is 200 dirhams nishab. Equivalent to 595 grams, as a matter of Shaykh Muhammad Saalih Al Uthaymeen in Syarhul Mumti '6 / 104 and 2.5% taken from the same calculation with gold.
3. Nishab Cattle And The size of zakat.
The mandatory requirement of zakat on cattle the same as above and added one condition, that his animals grazed meadow of grass permissible rather than resolved the food.
وفي صدقة الغنم في سائمتها إذا كانت أربعين إلى عشرين ومائة شاة .....
"And in the charity goats grazing outside, otherwise up to 40 heads and 120 tails ..." [15]
While the size of their zakat nishab and issued is as follows:
1. Camel.
Nishab camels is five tails. More calculation as follows:
TOTAL AMOUNT camel issued
5-9 tails ------> One goats
10-14 tails -> Two goats
15-19 tail ---> Three goats
20-24 tail ---> Four goats
25-35 tail -> One tail bintu makhad
36-45 tail ---> One tail bintu labun
46-60 tail ---> One tail hiqqah
61-75 tail ---> One tail jadzah
76-90 tail ---> Two-tailed bintu labun
91-120 tail -> Two-tailed hiqqah
121 ------> Three tail tail bintu labun
130 ------> One tail hiqqah tail and two tails bintu labun
140 ------> Two tail tail and two tails bintu hiqqah labun
Three tail 150 tail ------> hiqqah
160 ------> Four tail tail bintu labun
170 ------> One tail tail tail hiqqah and three bintu labun
180 ------> Two tail tail and two tails bintu hiqqah labun
Description:
1. Bintu makhad is the camel has one year of age.
2. Bintu labun camel which is two years old.
3. Hiqqah is the camel that had been aged three years.
4. Jadzah camel which is four years old.
2. COW
Nishab cow tail is 30. If less than 30 tail, then there is no zakat. Calculation as follows.
TOTAL AMOUNT IN CATTLE Remove
30-39 tail -> One tail tabi 'or tabi'ah
40-59 tail -> One tail musinah
60 head --------> Two tail tabi 'or two tails tabi'ah
70 tail --------> One tail tabi 'and one tail musinnah
Two tail tail --------> 80 musinnah
Three tail tail --------> 90 tabi '
100 individuals ------> Two tail tabi 'and one tail musinnah.
Description:
1. Tabi 'and tabi'ah is bulls and females aged one year.
2. Musinnah is that cows are two years old.
3. Every 30 head of cattle zakat is a tail tabi 'and every 40 cows, zakat is a tail musinnah.
3. GOAT
Nishab goat's tail is 40. The calculations are as follows:
TOTAL NUMBER OF GOAT issued
40 tail ---------------> One goats
120 tail -------------> Two goats.
201-300 tail -----> Three goats.
More than 300 tail-> Every 101 goats.
Zakat calculation proposition nishab cattle.
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
هذه فريضة الصدقة التي فرض رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم على المسلمين والتي أمر الله بها رسوله فمن سئلها من المسلمين على وجهها فليعطها ومن سئل فوقها فلا يعط في أربع وعشرين من الإبل فما دونها من الغنم من كل خمس شاة إذا بلغت خمسا وعشرين إلى خمس وثلاثين ففيها بنت مخاض أنثى فإذا بلغت ستا وثلاثين إلى خمس وأربعين ففيها بنت لبون أنثى فإذا بلغت ستا وأربعين إلى ستين ففيها حقة طروقة الجمل فإذا بلغت واحدة وستين إلى خمس وسبعين ففيها جذعة فإذا بلغت يعني ستا وسبعين إلى تسعين ففيها بنتا لبون فإذا بلغت إحدى وتسعين إلى عشرين ومائة ففيها حقتان طروقتا الجمل فإذا زادت على عشرين ومائة ففي كل أربعين بنت لبون وفي كل خمسين حقة ومن لم يكن معه إلا أربع من الإبل فليس فيها صدقة إلا أن يشاء ربها فإذا بلغت خمسا من الإبل ففيها شاة وفي صدقة الغنم في سائمتها إذا كانت أربعين إلى عشرين ومائة شاة فإذا زادت على عشرين ومائة إلى مائتين شاتان فإذا زادت على مائتين إلى ثلاث مائة ففيها ثلاث شياه فإذا زادت على ثلاث مائة ففي كل مائة شاة فإذا كانت سائمة الرجل ناقصة من أربعين شاة واحدة فليس فيها صدقة إلا أن يشاء ربها وفي الرقة ربع العشر فإن لم تكن إلا تسعين ومائة فليس فيها شيء إلا أن يشاء ربها
"It is the obligation of zakat which commanded the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam for the Muslims and commanded Allaah through His Apostle: In each of 24 heads of camels and the less of it (zakat) goats; at every 5 tail (camel) , (zakat) of the goat. If it was up to 25 heads and 35 tails, then there is (zakat) bint makhad (female camels aged one year); if no, (then) be with ibn labun (camel men aged two years). If up to 36 to 45 tails, there is her bint labun (two-year-old female camel). If up to 46 to 60 head, there hiqqah (female camel that has been perfectly aged 3 years) ready impregnated by the male camel . If up to 61 to 75 there, jidzah (camel that has been aged 4 years). If to 76 to 90 tails, there are 2 bintu labun. If up to 91 up to 120 tails, there are 2 hiqqah. If it is more than 120, then every 40 There bintu labin tail and every 50 hiqqah. And whoever has less than 4 heads of camels, then there is no zakat unless the owner chooses. And in charity goats grazing outside, otherwise up to 40 heads and 120 tails there is a goat. And if more than 120 to 200 tails, there are two tails. If more than 200 to 300 left, (then) there are 3 tails and if more than 300 left, then every 100 individuals there is one sheep. If pasture person less than 40, a course then there is no charity, unless the owner wishes "[16].
4. Zakat nishab Agriculture And Fruits And Size zakat.
Zakat crops and fruits disyari'atkan in Islam on the basis of word of Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala:
وهو الذي أنشأ جنات معروشات وغير معروشات والنخل والزرع مختلفا أكله والزيتون والرمان متشابها وغير متشابه كلوا من ثمره إذآأثمر وءاتوا حقه يوم حصاده ولاتسرفوا إنه لايحب المسرفين
"And it was he who made the gardens berjunjung and are not berjunjung, palm trees, plants of various fruit, olives and pomegranates similar (shape and color), and not the same (it seems). Eat of the fruit (which bermaca like that) when she was fruitful, and pay the right on the day the harvest is gathered (with out zakat) and do not be exaggerated. for Allah loves not those who exaggerated ". [Al-An `am: 141]
The nishab is 5 wasaq, based on the words of the Prophet n:
ليس فيما دون خمسة أوسق صدقة
"No less than five wasaq zakat." [17]
One wasaq equivalent to 60 sha '[18]. While a sha 'is equivalent to 2.175 kg [19] or 3 kg.
According to dose Lajnah Daa'imah Li Wa Al-Fatwa Al Buhuts Al Islamiyah (Standing Committee of the Fatwa and Islamic Studies Saudi Arabia). Based on the fatwas and official charity in force in Saudi Arabia, then zakat agricultural nishab is 300 x 3 = 900 kg. The measure is issued, when agriculture was obtained by means of irrigation (sprinkler use of plants), then the zakat as much as 1 / 20 (5%). And if agriculture is irrigated with rain (rain), then the zakat as much as 1 / 10 (10%). This is based on the words of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam:
فيما سقت الأنهار والغيم العشورو فيما سقي بالسانية نصف العشور
"In the watered by rivers and rain, then one-tenth (1 / 10), and a watered by irrigation (irrigation), the twentieth (1 / 20)." [20]
For example: a farmer managed to reap the harvest of 1000 kg. Then the size of the charity issued when the irrigation (watering device plant) is 1000 x 1 / 20 = 50 kg. When the rain, as many as 1000 x 1 / 10 = 100 kg.
5. Zakat nishab Merchandise And Size zakat.
Pensyariatan charity merchandise is still in dispute clerics. Opinion requiring trade zakat, zakat nishab and size similar to alms nishab and size of gold.
As for the terms of issue of trade charity, together with the conditions that existed at the other charity, and coupled with the other three requirements, namely:
a. Have it by not being forced, as with buying, receiving gifts and the like.
b. Have it with the intention to trade.
c. Its value has to nishab. [21]
A trader must calculate the total value of merchandise with the original price (buy), then combined with a net profit after the cut debt.
For example: A merchant adds his wares at the end of the year for a total of Rp 200,000,000, - and a net profit of Rp 50.000.000, - In the meantime, he has a debt of Rp 100,000,000, - then the calculation is as follows:
Capital - Debt: Rp 200,000,000, - - Rp 100,000,000, - = Rp 100.000.000, -
So the amount of charity property is Rp 100,000,000, - + Rp 50.000.000, - = Rp 150.000.000, -
Zakat must be paid: Rp 150,000,000, - x 2.5% = Rp 3.75 million, - [22]
6. Zakat nishab Treasure And Size zakat.
Treasure is found, shall dizakati directly without requiring nishab and haul, based on the words of the Prophet generality sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam:
وفي الركاز الخمس
"In finding treasure there is a fifth of their zakat". [23]
HOW TO CALCULATE NISHOB.
In calculating nishab disagree. That is the problem, whether viewed nishab for a year or only seen at the beginning and end of the year alone?
Al-Imam An Nawawi said, "According to our mazdhab (Shafii), mazdhab Malik, Ahmad, and jumhur, is conditioned upon a treasure that must be removed, and zakat (zakat in issue) based on the count of haul, such as: gold, silver and nishab-existence of the cattle on all haul (a year). So, if nishab is reduced to one when the haul, then disconnect (count) haul. And if perfect again after that, then begins the calculation again, when the perfect nishab [24]. This is the opinion rajih, insha Allaah.
For example nishab achieved in the month of Muharram 1423 H, then the month of Rajab in the year, his property was reduced from nishabnya. So terhapuslah nishabnya calculations. Later in the month of Ramadan (in that year), his wealth increases until it reaches nishab. Then it starts again the first calculation of the Ramadan. So forth until you achieve a perfect year, and then issued their zakat.
Thus this brief article, hopefully useful.
llahu A'laamu
_______
Footnote
[1]. Jamaat Al-Hadith history.
[2]. See Al Mughni, Ibn Al Qudama 4 / 5.
[3]. See Bidayah Al Mujtahidin 1 / 244.
[4]. See Al Wajiz Fi Fiqhi Al Sunnah Wa Al-Aziz Al Kitabi, works Abdul'azhim bin Badawi, p.. 212 and Al-Zakat Al Mujtama Tanmiyat Wa ', the work of Al-Sayyid Ahmad Al Makhzanji, p.. 115.
[5]. See Al-Zakat Al Mujtama Tanmiyat Wa ', the work of Al-Sayyid Ahmad Al Makhzanji, p.. 118.
[6]. Ibid. 117-118.
[7]. See Sharh al-Mumti '' Ala Al Zaad Mustaqni ', works of Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih al Uthaymeen 6 / 20
[8]. See Al-Zakat Al Mujtama Tanmiyat Wa ', the work of Al-Sayyid Ahmad Al Makhzanji, p.. 119.
[9]. See Fiqh As Sunnah, Sayyid works Sabiq 1 / 467.
[10]. This is narrated from some of the transmission path. It was narrated from Ibn Umar transmission path by At-Tirmidhi 1 / 123, the transmission path 'A'isha by Ibn Majah in his Sunan no. 1793, from Anas bin Malik transmission by Al Daraquthni in his Sunan no. 199 and the transmission
Ali ibn Abi Talib by Abu Dawud in his Sunan no. 1573. This hadith hasaned by Shaikh Muhammad Al-Albani in the book Nashiruddin Irwa al Ghalil, 3/254-258.
[11]. See Sharh al-Mumti '6 / 24.
[12]. In Sharh al-Mumti '6 / 103.
[13]. In Fiqhu Az Zakat.
[14]. Ali ibn Abi Talib hadith is narrated by Abu Dawud in his Sunan, no.1573 and Al Bayhaqi in Sunan al-Kubra 4 / 95. This hadith hasaned by Sheikh Al Albani in Irwa 'Al Ghalil 3 / 256.
[15]. Hadith narrated by Imam al-Bukhari in his Saheeh no. 1362.
[16]. Hadith narrated by Imam al-Bukhari in his Saheeh no. 1362.
[17]. Agreed upon.
[18]. Under the agreement, see the explanation of Ibn Hajar in Fathul Bari 3 / 364.
[19]. According to a count of Sheikh Abdullah bin Sulaiman Alimani 'in his paper entitled Bahtsun Fi Tahwili Al Mawaziin Wa Al-Sharia Al Makayil Ila Al Maqadir Al Mu'ashir, in Buhuts Al Islami Magazine Issue 59, p.. 195. According to his calculations, nishab zakat and fruit farm is 300 x 2.175 = 652.5 kg.
[20]. Muslim History 2 / 673.
[21]. See the script writers in the magazine edition 05/IV/1420/2000 As Sunnah
[22]. See Calculating Zakah Practical Guide, by Adil Rashad Ghanim (translation edition), p.. 14.
[23]. Agreed upon. See Al Wajiz Fi Fiqhi Al Sunnah Wa Al-Aziz Al Kitabi, p.. 218.
[24]. Quoted by Sayyid Sabiq from what he said in Fiqh as-Sunnah 1 / 468
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